Although ageing is a natural process, how societies view their older citizens and how old age is viewed by individuals will colour both the way older people are treated and the way they view themselves. Chronological ageing is no longer viewed as an illness, with many older people living well into their fourth age and beyond.
However, the ageing trajectory is unpredictable and the insecurities that come from not knowing how one will age can manifest itself in a form of ageism—that of not wanting to belong, or to be seen to belong—to the fourth age. This chapter has explored the concept of old age and discussed the age stratifications of those classed as old. The positive aspects of ageing have been seen in the third agers, who are active, engaged, and pursuing their own interests.
This in turn has created the fourth agers—those erroneously classed as the dependent old. This point may be associated with increased loss of physical function, and may be labelled as the point, or the event horizon, at which they enter the fourth age.
For this reason, some third agers may strive to avoid entering into this fourth age. However, when reviewing the literature on centenarians, it would appear that this much feared transition to the fourth age can become a celebration as individuals reach their th year.
In fact in many societies, the th year is seen as a triumph, as it celebrates survival and resilience. At the heart of this discourse is the fear of the unknown. Many people fear dependency, loss of agency, loss of dignity and death. The experience of very old age is unpredictable and many services are not geared to the needs of the frail old.
Perhaps if people felt more supported within their societies, with health and social care services geared to the oldest old, then the fourth age would not be so feared. This is clearly an area for future research. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
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Rather than seeing healthy, active older people as exceptional, we need to recognise that many people can reasonably anticipate years of fulfilling life after they have finished paid work and any children have left home.
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Eldacar succeeds his father, Valacar , as King of Gondor. Castamir besieges and captures Osgiliath. The sons of Castamir the Usurper and most of the fleet of Gondor flee south to Umbar , and become known as the Corsairs of Umbar. King Aldamir of Gondor is slain by Haradrim. Two Fallohide brothers Marcho and Blanco decided to cross the River Baranduin, later Brandywine and settle on the other side, and are followed by large numbers of Hobbits.
Minas Anor becomes the capital of Gondor. King Telumehtar of Gondor recaptures Umbar and takes the title Umbardacil. Raids by the Wainriders begin. The White Tower is built in Minas Anor. Ondoher succeeds Calimehtar as King of Gondor. During an invasion by the Wainriders and the Haradrim , King Ondoher of Gondor is killed in battle along with both his sons. Arvedui , son of King Araphant of Arthedain , ascends the throne. Gondor destroys Angmar in the Battle of Fornost. The Hobbits of the Shire create the office of Thain to assume the functions of the lost king.
Minas Ithil falls, becomes Minas Morgul. The line of kings fails in Gondor. Gandalf goes to Dol Guldur to determine the identity of the Necromancer. Sauron returns to Dol Guldur in southern Mirkwood. Black Uruks from Mordor attack Osgiliath , destroying the Great Bridge and completing the ruin of the city.
Aldor , aged only 26, becomes 3rd King of Rohan at the death of his father Brego. Ecthelion I rebuilds the White Tower. Isengard is occupied by Dunlendings. Helm Hammerhand 9th King of Rohan ascends the throne.
Long Winter to TA The Dunlendings take Edoras and lay siege to the Hornburg. Helm Hammerhand , King of Rohan, dies of hunger and exposure. Erebor is taken over by Smaug. The War of the Dwarves and Orcs begins. Gandalf enters Dol Guldur and confirms that the evil thereby found is indeed Sauron returned. Walda , 12th King of Rohan, is killed by an Orc, his son Folca succeeds him. Folca , 13th King of Rohan, is killed by the Boar of Everholt.
The White Tree of Gondor dies. Harondor is once again claimed by the Haradrim , supported by the Corsairs of Umbar. Bilbo Baggins is born. Under pressure from Orc raids, Gondor abandons Ithilien , but establishes the Rangers of Ithilien and constructs hidden refuges to harass the enemy. Folcwine , 14th King of Rohan, dies and is succeeded by his youngest son Fengel. Birth of Gilraen later wife of Arathorn II. Fell Winter of to Wolves invade the Shire. Arador is killed by Trolls.
Bilbo Baggins obtains the One Ring. Bilbo returns to the Shire with the Ring. Bard rebuilds Dale and become king. Sauron declares his presence in Mordor openly. Last meeting of the White Council. Aragorn first meets Gandalf the Grey. Denethor II marries Finduilas. Bain , son of Bard , become King of Dale. Birth of Meriadoc Brandybuck. Frodo Baggins comes under the guardianship of Bilbo Baggins. Lalia Clayhanger Took , the matriarch of the Took clan, dies, aged Aragorn captures Gollum at Gandalf 's request, and brings him as a captive to King Thranduil's halls in Mirkwood.
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